Database management systems are used by many businesses and individuals in order to manage their data, and in some cases is an integral part of the business itself. Databases can be extremely large and complex and when they fail it can cause catastrophic problems within a company or organization resulting in lost data, money, and time. This article will discuss how a database can become damaged and the steps needed to recover from it.
How databases become damaged
Below are some common ways in which a database may be corrupted resulting in data loss:
- Hardware failure often leads to corruption of the file system which is used by the database; this can result in loss of data or even complete failure of the database.
- Power failures or issue with the machine hosting the database can also cause permanent damage to the file system which a database uses, again resulting in data loss and a corrupt database.
- Improper shutdowns, either through hardware failure or power outage, often lead to problems with the internal structures of the database which results in data corruption.
Handling database recovery
When a database is damaged the first step should be to shut down any applications using the database, this will prevent further damage being done to the already compromised system. The next step is to identify what type of corruption has occurred so that an appropriate method of recovery can be used. It may be possible to use a backup from before the corruption occurred however this often only provides a short term solution as the backup itself may be corrupt or incomplete. Once it has been determined that a full restore of the database is required, careful planning and time should be allocated to complete the task as depending on how badly damaged the database is can vastly change the amount of time needed for the recovery.
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When the database is damaged the first step must be to shut down any applications using the database, this will prevent further damage being done to the already compromised system. The next step is to identify what type of corruption has occurred so that an appropriate method of recovery can be used. It may be possible to use a backup from before the corruption occurred however this often only provides a short term solution as the backup itself may be corrupt or incomplete. Once it has been determined that a full restore of the database is required, careful planning and time should be allocated to complete the task as depending on how badly damaged your database is can vastly change the amount of time needed for the recovery.
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In most cases when data is lost, typically the result of hardware failure or power outage, the only option is to restore from backup. It may be possible, however, depending on how recently the backup was taken, and that some data has not yet been written to disk and still exists in volatile memory. If this is possible then it should be immediately copied to another storage device in case the disk media fails before a backup can be completed. Once it has been confirmed that no more data exists, the only way to restore from worst-case corruption is to restore from backup. To do this you must first shut down any applications using the database and then perform a full file system backup of the disks containing the damaged filesystem. The backup should be performed using software that will ignore the errors generated by the damaged filesystem and continue to back up all data. Once a full file system backup has been taken, it must then be restored onto a new, empty disk drive. The database software must then be installed on this new drive and finally the database files can be restored from backup.
This approach is not always successful however as the backup might be incomplete and therefore restore data to the wrong location. If this occurs then it may be possible to use a filesystem recovery tool such as Foremost, Scalpel or Photorec (for Linux) to recover all accessible files from the damaged disk. Unfortunately, if their physical location on disk has been corrupted then this won’t be possible. If it is possible to identify the exact location on the disk, then you should shut down any applications that are using the database and copy all of the recoverable files to a temporary directory. This temporary directory can then be used as the source for copying data back onto the restored filesystem.
Conclusion:
When you need to restore a database, the first thing that must be done is to stop all other applications from accessing it. After that you should try and identify what type of corruption has occurred so that an appropriate method of recovery can be used. If there is backup data available then you should immediately start this process, otherwise if the damage is too severe then a full filesystem restore is the only option.
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